Preface

PROCEEDINGS
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG

P R E F A C E

The present conference is the third Fluid and Thermal Energy Conversion (FTEC) series held in Indonesia. The first conference of this series (FTEC '94) was held in Bali, Denpasar, Indonesia during December 12-15, 1994. About 200 scientists and engineers from 31 countries participated in FTEC '94 and 124 presentations were made and were published in the FTEC '94 Proceedings (*). The second conference of this series (FTEC '97) was held in Yogyakarta, Java, Indonesia during July 21-24, 1997. About150 scientist and engineers from 27 countries participated in FTEC '97 and 120 presentations were made and were published in the FTEC '97 Proceedings (*). FTEC 2000 is held to celebrate the closing of the 20th century and looking forward to the challenges in the 21th century in the areas of fluid and thermal energy conversion science and technology.

As we also discussed in the previous conferences in this series the growth in world population and demand for better living standards have contributed to the rapid increases in the consumption of energy during the 20th century. As the amount of available non-renewable energy resources become scarce with time, development of or renewable energy technologies and improvement of conventional technologies will be necessary to fulfil the energy demand in the future. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in every step of energy transformations from the primary to the end-use is needed for both the improvements and innovations of the technology . A major part of energy transformation problems lie in the fluid and thermal energy conversions.This conference provides an opportunity for exchange of information among researchers working on fluid and thermal energy conversion problems.

The recorded history of science and technology credit the idea behind the fluid and thermal energy conversion to James Prescott Joule, the 19th century British scientist.

Waterfall sparked Joule's initial interest in fluid and thermal energy conversion. He believed water should be warmer at bottom than at top of the waterfall due to loss of potential energy. However, his attempts to measure temperature differences failed. In the course of these investigations he invented accurate and reliable thermometers.

Later in 1843 Joule developed an experiment to convert the mechanical energy to thermal energy through fluid motion and mixing of water, known as the Joule's water friction experiment. A well-insulated calorimeter was equipped with baffles to increase the frictional drag on the paddles. A weight falling a measured distance performs a known amount of work. By measuring the temperature increase in the water in the calorimeter as the weight falls, the amount of heat generated by the work can be calculated. Through the Joule's experiment we learned about the equivalence of and relationship of thermal energy the mechanical energy spent to generate it. Later, the metric unit of energy was named in honor of Joule (1 Calorie = 4.186 Joule).

In other ex periment Joule measured the heat produced by compression of air and by electrical currents. In 1840, he stated a law, now called Joule's Law, that heat is produced in an electrical conductor. Together with W. Thomson (Lord Kelvin) he discovered in 1853 the effect known as Joule-Thomson effect. Discovery of the principle of magnetostriction is also credited to Joule. He did not claim, however, to have formulated a general Law of Conservation of Energy, Nevertheless, his experiment were certainly fundamental in bringing that formulation about. As is characteristic of many researchers, Joule's accomplishments were not limited to those things we today associate with the world "research". Joule was also an inventor. Amongst his many inventions are "arc" or electrical welding and the displacement pump.

Discoveries by Joule along with the work of many other scientist, led to the laws of thermodynamics and transport and the intensive use of most of available primary energy resources to sustain the growth and the continuation of civilization on our earth.

The past couple of years have been times for dramatic changes in the Indonesian society, government and economy. Some of these changes have been welcomed, such as signs of democracy in action. This has brought about a new era of freedoms; hope, reconstruction, development and prospects for economic expansion based on the hard labour and wishes of Indonesia people.

Planning and implementation for the FTEC 2000 were affected by the socio-economic changes happening in Indonesia. The present conference which was originally scheduled to be held in Jakarta, at this same period of time was moved to Bandung, Indonesia due to the milder climate and less crowded condition of this beautiful and higher-education city. Even though the international mass media had poisoned mentality of people around the world about the situation in Indonesia, we are very pleased to have so many loyal and devoted international friends joining us from 20 different countries to celebrate the FTEC 2000. The quality of the papers presented in the FTEC 2000 has remained quite high even though the number of presentation are a bit reduced from previous two conferences in this series due to aforementioned reason. We are confident the variety and scope of the presentations will make every one happy of the great investment of time and efforts made in attending in FTEC 2000.

On behalf of the International Scientific Committee and the Local Organizing Committee of FTEC 2000 we would like to welcome you this excellent and select gathering and we hope that this Proceedings will be beneficial for your reference.

G. Ali Mansoori and Aryadi Suwono June 2000.

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(*) FTEC '94 and FTEC '97 Proceedings list of contents and information on FTEC 2000 can be viewed on the INTERNET at http://www.uic.edu/labs/trl/FTEC2000.html and http://pauir.itb.ac.id/FTEC2000

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